They were first described by W. M. S. Russell and R. L. Burch in 1959. This book, written by Russell and Burch, was first published by Methuen in 1959, but went out-of-print over 25 years ago. Consequently, the technique could have a negative impact on refinement.The development of non-animal (replacement) methods, which needs to be compared to the In vivo model or other traditional experiment methods often results in an increase in the number of animals used in the short-term. For example, some of the principles are mentioned in Marshal Hall’s essay (A Critical and Experimental Essay on the Circulation of the Blood. He enlisted academics and professionals in the care of animals with the aim of shedding light on matters of animal welfare. The Three Rs (3Rs) in relation to science are guiding principles for more ethical use of animals in testing. The principles of the 3Rs were first proposed by William M.S. According to a letter published in The Lancet in August 1949, the experiments involved the infliction of multiple contusions to the legs of dogs and the study of repeated falls on un-anesthetized rats. A newer definition is now commonly accepted, Some have criticized the Three Rs for what they call "ambiguities" and tensions in the understanding and implementation of different prongs of the approach –Refinement, Reduction and Replacement.Others have noted that promotion of the 3Rs has failed to reduce the number of animals used in experiments.In a review of dozens of articles involving mice in prolonged pain experiments, researchers found "there were no references to the "3Rs"" which in turn "raise serious questions about whether the 3Rs' principles of Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement are being appropriately implemented by researchers and institutions". The method could also lead to the reduction of animals needed and an increase in the quality of data obtained. The alternatives concept. Experts believe that an understanding of statistics and experimental design is necessary.The refinement of animal procedures refers to the improvement of scientific techniques that minimize pain and suffering over the lifetime of the animals. The extraction of insulin from bacterial cultures is among the most popular examples of replacement.Reduction refers to the utilization of better statistical analysis and quality study design that requires the use of the least number of animals in order to obtain maximum information. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION. (1959) The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. Russell and R.L. 1959 haben die britischen Wissenschaftler William Russel und Rex Burch das Prinzip der 3R als einen Grundsatz der experimentellen wissenschaftlichen Arbeit in dem Buch Ziel des 3-R-Prinzips (deutsch: 3-V-Prinzip) ist es, Tierversuche vollständig zu vermeiden (Replacement/Vermeiden), die Zahl der Tiere zu verringern (Reduction/Verringerung) und ihr Leiden in Versuchen auf das unerlässliche Maß zu beschränken (Refinement/Verfeinerung). invertebrates are not considered suitable replacements for vertebrates. Russell and R.L. (William Moy Stratton). Poor experimental design and inappropriate statistical analysis of experimental results can lead to inefficient use of animals and scientific resources in toxicological research. Das 3-R-Prinzip ist heutzutage die Grundlage für die Tierschutzpolitik und Praxis moderner Forschungsansätze in vielen Ländern, so auch in der EU (Europäischen Richtlinie 2010/63/EU zum Schutz der für wissenschaftliche Zwecke verwendeten Tiere) und in Deutschland (Tierschutzgesetz und die Tierschutz-Versuchstierverordnung). In his papers, Marshal Hall describes five principles that cover much of the Three Rs and the need for necessary ethical justification. At the time experiments were conducted that caused extreme suffering to research animals.
Russell, W.M.S. Dazu müssen folgende Fragen im Genehmigungsantrag wissenschaftlich begründet beantwortet werden:Die Landesbehörden, die für die Genehmigung von Tierversuchsanträgen verantwortlich sind, prüfen, ob diese Fragen dem derzeitigen Wissensstand entsprechend beantwortet wurden.
It also explained how affective states are linked to the endocrine and neurological system and the effects of changes in physiology that are caused by stress.
It sought to minimise the then increasing number of animals being used in medical and veterinary research. These principles are clearly embodied in Article 7 of Directive 86/609/EEC.
Russell and Burch were best known to us as the authors of a book published in 1959, The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. (c) 2016 Norecopa - Website developed by The book also established how harm to animals should be graded and gave examples of how the use of replacement, reduction, and refinement could minimize harm to animals. When such conflicts arise researchers and ethical review committees evaluate the impact of one of the Rs and make difficult decisions in the prioritization of each of the Rs.There are numerous circumstances where a conflict between reduction and refinement could occur.