Cilicia and Cyprus, and was preparing for further expansion into Syria. The Convention of Kütahya that was signed on 14 May 1833, ceded Cilicia to the de facto independent Egypt. There are 45 piers in the port. Gosdantin (r. 1095 – c. 1100) assisted the crusaders on their march to Antioch, and was created knight and marquis. The region became the center of cotton trade and one of the most economically strong regions of the Empire within decades. The climate of Cilicia shows significant differences at the mountains and the lower plains. It was subdivided by Diocletian in around 297, and it remained under Roman rule for several centuries, until falling to the Islamic conquests. Sayce, A. H. (October 1922) "The Decipherment of the Hittite Hieroglyphic Texts", Toynbee, Arnold Joseph and Myers, Edward DeLos (1961), In general see: Bean, George Ewart and Mitford, Terence Bruce (1970), Rife, Joseph L. (2002) "Officials of the Roman Provinces in Xenophon's "Ephesiaca"", Wainwright, G. A. The palatalization of c occurring in the west in later Vulgar Latin (c. 500–700) accounts for its modern pronunciation in English. Cilicia Pedias ("flat Cilicia"—Ancient Greek: Κιλικία Πεδιάς; Assyrian Kue), to the east, included the rugged spurs of Taurus and a large coastal plain, with rich loamy soil,[6] known to the Greeks such as Xenophon, who passed through with his mercenary group of the Ten Thousand,[20] for its abundance (euthemia),[21] filled with sesame and millet and olives[22] and pasturage for the horses imported by Solomon. The connection (if any) between this Cilicia and the better-known and well-defined region mentioned above is unclear. Expansion of limestone formations and fourth era alluvials brought by the rivers Seyhan and Ceyhan, formed the plains of the region over the course of time. The main animal species in the area are wild goat, roe deer, bear, hyena, wild cat, wagtail, wolf, jackal and fox. Mersin and surrounding areas have the highest average temperature in Cilicia. In order to finally subjugate Zeitun, the Ottomans had to resort to treachery by forcing an Armenian delegation from Marash to ask the Zeituntsi-s to put down their arms. Bohemond of Tripoli seized Antioch without resistance after his father died in April 1201, but many noblemen left the principality to seek refuge in Cilicia. Administration hall of the Principality does not exist today. northeast of Adana. This Christian state, surrounded by Muslim states hostile to its existence, had a stormy history of about 300 years, giving valuable support to the Crusaders, and trading with the great commercial cities of Italy.[6]. The Cilician cities unknown to Homer already bore their pre-Greek names: Tarzu (Tarsus), Ingira (Anchiale), Danuna-Adana, which retains its ancient name, Pahri (perhaps Mopsuestia), Kundu (Kyinda, then Anazarbus) and Azatiwataya (today's Karatepe). [61] Kurttepe, Alihocalı and Ilıca mineral springs, all located in Adana Province, are popular for toxic cleansing. Most popular high school in the region is Tarsus American College, founded as a missionary school in 1888 to serve Armenian community and then became a secular school in 1923. Hatay is the most rural province of Cilicia and also Hatay is the only province that the rural population is rising and the urban population is declining. Amanus by the Armenian Gate, Baghche Pass, to northern Syria and the Euphrates. I am verily a man which am a Jew, born in Tarsus, a city in Cilicia, yet brought up in this city at the feet of Gamaliel, and taught according to the perfect manner of the law of the fathers, and was zealous toward God, as ye all are this day. This page was last edited on 31 January 2021, at 14:39. WRIGHT, N.L. Ceyhan hosts oil, natural gas terminals as well as refineries and shipbuilders. Karatepe-Aslantaş National Park located on the west bank of Ceyhan River in Osmaniye Province. The Cilician Gates or Gülek Pass is a pass through the Taurus Mountains connecting the low plains of Cilicia to the Anatolian Plateau, by way of the narrow gorge of the Gökoluk River. Cilicia leads Turkey in soy, peanuts and corn harvest and is a major producer of fruits and vegetables. Yilboga, the amir of Aleppo moved on to the Turkmens after this defeat and he conquered Misis Castle. [30], There exists evidence that circa 1650 BC both Hittite kings Hattusili I and Mursili I enjoyed freedom of movement along the Pyramus River (now the Ceyhan River in southern Turkey), proving they exerted strong control over Cilicia in their battles with Syria. University employs 107 academicians and enrolled 4000 students in 2009. Mongol invasion of Asia forced Oghuz Turks to migrate into Anatolia and Levant in great numbers. At first the western district was left independent under native kings or priest-dynasts, and a small kingdom, under Tarcondimotus I, was left in the east;[40][6] but these were finally united to the province by Vespasian, AD 72. Peaceful governance conducted by the Syennesis dynasty, not only kept the kingdom survive, also prevented Achaemenid Empire to attacks Lydians, after Achaemenid invasions of Median lands. The major reason is the mountainous geography of Hatay as well as the religiously and ethnically diverse culture, with Arabs, Turks, Kurds, Armenians, and Assyrians inhabiting the region. 250 species of birds are observed during a study in 1990. high and there are 4 entrances to the city. [6] The district is watered by the Calycadnus[19] and was covered in ancient times by forests that supplied timber to Phoenicia and Egypt. Natural phenomena of the grabens is named 'Hell & Heaven' because of the exotic effects on people. The Cilicia plain has some of the most fertile soil in the world in which 3 harvests can be taken each year. Mamluk Sultanate authorized Ramazan Beg led Türkmen Emirate to administer Cilicia, but took direct control of the towns, Tarsus, Ayas, Sarvandikar, Sis at the four corners of Cilicia plain and appointed an Amir and a Garrison for each. There are also vocational schools in Anamur, Aydıncık, Gülnar, and Mut. In the ninth century BC it became part of Assyria and remained so until the late seventh century BC. The Byzantine conquest of Cilicia and the Hamdanids of Aleppo, 959–965 - Volume 58 - William Garrood. Tarsus, the former capital of Cilicia, were settled by the moors that arrived from Egypt. Robert Kotcharian . The main species of trees around Kengerliduz are beech, oak and fir, and around Tekkoz are hornbeam, ash, beach, black pine and silver birch. Armenian presence in Cilicia dates back to the first century BC, when under Tigranes the Great, the Kingdom of Armenia expanded and conquered a vast region in the Levant.In 83 BC, the Greek aristocracy of Seleucid Syria, weakened by a bloody civil war, offered their allegiance to the ambitious Armenian king. Football is the most popular sport in Cilicia, professionally represented at all levels of the Football in Turkey. The Emirate of Abu Dhabi placed at the disposal of . After the Oriental crisis, the Convention of Alexandria that was signed on 27 November 1840, required the return of Cilicia to Ottoman sovereignty. The Turkish emirate of Candaroglu is founded in the Kastamonu Province. Cilicia is heavily populated due to its abundant resources, climate and plain geography. [79], Çağ University is a not-for-profit tuition based university founded in 1997. 4 December 2014. The region has the second richest flora in the world and it is the producer of all agricultural products of Turkey except hazelnut and tobacco. Textile, leather tanning and food processing plants are plentiful. Cilicia tourism is mostly cottage tourism serving the Cilicia locals as well as residents of Kayseri, Gaziantep and surrounding areas. Türkmen Emirate which began to be known as Ramadanids, set the city of Adana as their center of power, and many Türkmen families of Yüreğir origin moved to the city. [31], In the next century, Cilician king Pilliya finalized treaties with both King Zidanta II of the Hittites and Idrimi of Alalakh, in which Idrimi mentions that he had assaulted several military targets throughout Eastern Cilicia. See more » Cilician Gates. Cilicia is the second largest honey producer in Turkey after the Muğla–Aydın region. From 960 to 961 Nikephoros Phokas Byzantine future emperor and brillant military leader lead the Byzantine reconquest of Crete from the Emirate of Crete (824-961) what if the Arab relief force manage to surprise and decisively defeat the byzantine (inverse happened OTL) killing Nikephoros Phokas in the battle and ending the siege of Chandax and Byzantine effort for the time to retake Crete . He knew well the writings of Xenophon, and how the Cilician Gates had been "impassable if obstructed by the enemy". Since the Muslim conquests of the 7th century, Cilicia had been a frontier province of the Muslim world and a base for regular raids against the … Yılanlı Kale (Castle of Serpents), an 11th-century crusader castle built on a historical road connecting Taurus mountains to the city of Antakya. [6], Alexander forded the Halys River in the summer of 333 BC, ending up on the border of southeastern Phrygia and Cilicia. [49] The Adana massacre resulted in the deaths of roughly 25,000 Armenians, orphanized 3500 children and caused heavy destruction of Christian neighborhoods in the entire Vilayet. [63] Hatay joined Turkey in 1939, thus did not face the population exchanges of the 1920. Mopsuestia's multicultural character is reflected in the bilingual inscriptions of the ninth and eighth centuries, written both in Indo-European hieroglyphic Luwian and West Semitic Phoenician. Through the rich plain of Issus ran the great highway that linked east and west, on which stood the cities of Tarsus (Tarsa) on the Cydnus, Adana (Adanija) on the Sarus, and Mopsuestia (Missis) on the Pyramus.[6]. Cilicia was one of the most important regions for the Ottoman Armenians, because it managed to preserve Armenian character well throughout the years. Between Silifke and Mersin, high-rise and low-rise cottages line the coast, leaving almost no vacant land. [24][25][page needed] Dating of the ancient settlements of the region from Neolithic to Bronze Age is as follows: Aceramic/Neolithic: 8th and 7th millennia BC; Early Chalcolithic: 5800 BC; Middle Chalcolithic (correlated with Halaf and Ubaid developments in the east): c. 5400–4500 BC; Late Chalcolithic: 4500–c. [2] Yüreğir Türkmens lived as a small community for 7 years in southeast of Adana, and named their new land, Yüreğir. Haruniye Thermal Spring is located on the banks of the Ceyhan River near Düziçi town and has a serene environment. The region includes the provinces of Mersin, Adana, Osmaniye, and Hatay. Ashab-ı Kehf cavern, one of the locations claimed to be the resting place of the legendary Seven Sleepers, holy to Christians and Muslims, is located north of Tarsus. North and east of Cilicia lie the rugged Taurus Mountains that separate it from the high central plateau of Anatolia, which are pierced by a narrow gorge, called in antiquity the Cilician Gates. The Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia is rightly described as a dynamic and committed witness to the Gospel. The university has 3 faculties and a vocational school at the main campus in the city of Osmaniye and vocational schools in Kadirli, Bahçe, Düziçi and Erzin. In June of 1995, Archbishop Aram Keshishian, the Primate of the Armenian Church in Lebanon, was elected Catholicos of Cilicia by an Electoral Assembly composed of 185 clergy and lay delegates. City wall is 1500m. The beys of Ramadanids held the administration of the Ottoman sanjak of Adana in a hereditary manner until 1608, with the last 92 years as a vassal of the Ottomans. Leo invaded the Principality of Antioch in almost every year between 1201 and 1208, but he had to return to his kingdom on each occasion because Az-Zahir Ghazi, the Ayyubid emir of Aleppo, or Kaykaus I, the Seljuq sultan of Rum stormed into Cilicia in … 600-400 B.C. Thriving regional economy, doubling of Cilician Armenian population due to flee from Hamidian massacres, the end of autocratic Abdulhamid rule with the revolution of 1908, empowered the Armenian community and envisioned an autonomous Cilicia. The region is also industrialized; Tarsus, Adana and Ceyhan host numerous plants. New!! After crossing the low hills east of the Pyramus it passed through a masonry (Cilician) gate, Demir Kapu, and entered the plain of Issus. [10] Homer mentions the people of Mopsus, identified as Cilices (Κίλικες), as from the Troad in the northernwesternmost part of Anatolia.[12]. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. Mamluk Sultanate authorized Ramazan Beg led Türkmen Emirate to administer Cilicia, but took direct control of the towns, Tarsus, Ayas, Sarvandikar, Sis at the four corners of Cilicia plain and appointed an Amir and a Garrison for each. Yeni Rehber Ansiklopedisi, Türkiye Gazetesi, 1993, http://www.dallog.net/beylikler/ramazan.htm, http://www.turkiyat.selcuk.edu.tr/pdfdergi/s23/koca.pdf, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramadanid_Emirate&oldid=1003959934, Articles with Turkish-language sources (tr), Articles needing translation from French Wikipedia, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The Mountains of Cilicia are formed from ancient limestones, conglomerate, marlstone and similar materials. The area is an important location for many species of migrating birds, the number gets higher during the winters when the lakes become a shelter when other lakes further north freeze. Part of Cilicia web site. There are aquaculture farms in Akyatan, Akyağan, Yumurtalık lakes and at Seyhan Reservoir. In 1375, Mamluks gained the control of the remaining areas of Cilicia, thus ending the three centuries rule of Armenians. Cilicia has a well-developed transportation system with two airports, two major seaports, motorways and railway lines on the historical route connecting Europe to Middle East. [6] From this period onward, the area increasingly came to be settled by Armenians, especially as Imperial rule pushed deeper into the Caucasus over the course of the 11th century. Arminiya, also known as the Ostikanate of Arminiya, Emirate of Armenia, was a political and geographic designation given by the Muslim Arabs to the lands of Greater Armenia, Caucasian Iberia, and Caucasian Albania, following their conquest of these regions in the 7th century. The Seljuk Turkish invasions of Armenia were followed by an exodus of Armenians migrating westward into the Byzantine Empire, and in 1080 Ruben, a relative of the last king of Ani, founded in the heart of the Cilician Taurus a small principality which gradually expanded into the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. With the improvements in agriculture and the spike of agricultural yield, agriculture-based industries are built in large numbers. Cilicia (/sɪˈlɪʃə/)[3][note 1] is a geo-cultural region in southern Turkey, extending inland from the northeastern coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. Most scholars assume that this behavior marked the end of the independence of Cilicia. Over the course of Armenian Genocide, Ottoman telegraph was received by the Governor to deport the more than 70,000 Armenians of the Adana Vilayet to Syria. [39], Cilicia Trachea became the haunt of pirates, who were subdued by Pompey in 67 BC following a Battle of Korakesion (modern Alanya), and Tarsus was made the capital of the Roman province of Cilicia. The Alpine region, from the upper borders of the forest, has pastures with rocky areas and little variety of plant life because of the high altitude and slope.[72]. [4][5] Ancient Cilicia was naturally divided into Cilicia Trachaea and Cilicia Pedias by the Limonlu River. Half of Turkey's citrus export is from Cilicia. [44] Through their complex alliances with the Crusader states the Armenian barons and kings often invited the Crusaders to maintain castles in and along the borders of the Kingdom, including Bagras, Trapessac, T‛il Hamtun, Harunia, Selefkia, Amouda, and Sarvandikar. [82][83] In ports and cities of the Adana plain, commerce and industry were almost entirely in the hands of the Armenians and they remained so thanks to a constant influx of Armenians from the highlands. [43] The area was for some time an embattled no-man's land. Cilicia Trachea ("rugged Cilicia"—Greek: Κιλικία Τραχεῖα; the Assyrian Hilakku, classical "Cilicia")[13][14][15] is a rugged mountain district[16] formed by the spurs of Taurus, which often terminate in rocky headlands with small sheltered harbors,[17] a feature which, in classical times, made the coast a string of havens for pirates[17][18][6] and, in the Middle Ages, outposts for Genoese and Venetian traders. Akyatan, Akyayan, Salt Lake, Seven lakes at Aladağ, and Karstik Dipsiz lake near Karaisalı are the lakes of the region. Main castle and the city walls are remains of the city. [80], Toros University is a not-for-profit tuition based university located in Mersin. Akyatan Lagoon is a large wildlife refuge which acts as a stopover for migratory birds voyaging from Africa to Europe. Later that year, Ramazan Beg visited Cairo and was assented by the Sultan to establish the new frontier Turkmen Emirate in Cilicia. 3400 BC; and Early Bronze Age IA: 3400–3000 BC; EBA IB: 3000–2700 BC; EBA II: 2700–2400 BC; EBA III A-B: 2400–2000 BC. Half of Turkey's citrus export is from Cilicia. [71], Aladağlar National Park, located north of Adana, is a huge park of around 55,000 hectares, the summit of Demirkazik at 3756 m is the highest point in the middle Taurus mountain range. [47] In 1359, Mamluk Sultanate Army marched into Cilicia and took over Adana and Tarsus, two major cities of the plain, leaving few castles to Armenians. Biography. Under Emperor Diocletian's Tetrarchy (c. 297), Cilicia was governed by a consularis; with Isauria and the Syrian, Mesopotamian, Egyptian and Libyan provinces, formed the Diocesis Orientis[6] (in the late 4th century the African component was split off as Diocese of Egypt), part of the pretorian prefecture also called Oriens ('the East', also including the dioceses of Asiana and Pontica, both in Anatolia, and Thraciae in the Balkans), the rich bulk of the eastern Roman Empire. Hamamat Thermal Spring, located on midway from Kırıkhan to Reyhanlı, has a very high sulphur ratio, making it the second in the world after a thermal spring in India. The Byzantine reconquest of Cilicia was a series of conflicts and engagements between the forces of the Byzantine Empire under Nikephoros II Phokas and the Hamdanid ruler of Aleppo, Sayf al-Dawla, over control of the region of Cilicia in southeastern Anatolia. Within a decade, Cilicia had a sharp change demographically, socially and economically and lost its diversity by turning into solely Muslim/Turkish.[55]. There are a small number of hotels between Erdemli and Anamur that attracts tourists. Tarsus, re-built in 787/788, quickly became the largest settlement in the region and the Arabs' most important base in their raids across the Taurus Mountains into Byzantine-held Anatolia. The Sarus now enters the sea almost due south of Tarsus, but there are clear indications that at one period it joined the Pyramus, and that the united rivers ran to the sea west of Kara-tash. The major rivers in Cilicia are Seyhan, Ceyhan, Berdan (Tarsus), Asi and Göksu. Lying at a crossroads of three major religions, namely Judaism, Christianity and Islam, the region is home to numerous landmarks that are important for people of faith. Armenians migrating from the North founded kingdom in Cilicia under Roupen which was terminated by the overthrow of King Levon, or Leo, by the conquering Turks in 1393. See more » Cilician Gates. The Muslims held the country until it was reoccupied by the Emperor Nicephorus II in 965. Arsuz is a seaside resort that is mostly frequented by Antakya and İskenderun residents. The mountain is also home to foxes, rabbits, partridges and stock doves. For a full list of ancient cities and their coins see asiaminorcoins.com -. Mersin University is a state university founded in 1992, and currently serving with 11 faculties, 6 colleges and 9 vocational schools. "Cicéron comme proconsul en Cilicie et la guerre contre les Parthes", This page was last edited on 19 February 2021, at 08:45. Cilicia were one of the regions with the most confiscated property, thus muhacirs (en:immigrants) from Balkans and Crete were relocated in the old Armenian and Greek neighborhoods and villages of the region. The university employs more than 2100 academicians and enrolls 26,980 students. (Turkish)", Das frühe Christentum im kilikisch-isaurischen Bergland. The Ramadanid Emirate (Modern Turkish: Ramazanoğulları Beyliği) was an autonomous administration and a de facto independent emirate that existed from 1352 to 1608 in Cilicia, taking over the rule of the region from the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. İsdemir is a large steel plant located in İskenderun. The city was a stronghold of Christians after his death. Adana Şakirpaşa Airport is an international airport that have flights to European destinations. The Cilicians appear as Hilikku in Assyrian inscriptions, and in the early part of the first millennium BC were one of the four chief powers of Western Asia. In 401, Syennesis III and his wife Epyaxa supported the revolt of Cyrus the Younger against his brother Artaxerxes II Mnemon. Parallel to the highway network in Cilicia, there is an extensive railway network. [53] Cilicia Peace Treaty was signed on 9 March 1921 between France and Turkish Grand National Assembly. In the late 14th century, the Yüreğir Turks moved to Cilicia and had a distinct culture with influence from Bektashi traditions of shamanic rituals along with Islam. "Cilician Armenia" in, List of monarchs of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, "81 ilin 2018 yılı GSYH ve büyüme karnesi", Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/a2pa/, "Initial Byzantine Reactions to the Arab Conquest", "106. yıldönümünde Adana Katliamı'nın ardındaki gerçekler", "Batman-Dörtyol Petrol Boru Hattı (Turkish)", "2011 Population of Towns in Adana Province", "2011 Population of Towns in Mersin Province", "2011 Population of Towns in Osmaniye Province", "Toros Üniversitesi'ne rektör atandı. [45][46] The Mongols then assisted with the defense of Cilicia from the Mamluks of Egypt, until the Mongols themselves converted to Islam. Cilicia leads Turkey in soy, peanuts and corn harvest and is a major producer of fruits and vegetables. The Arabs succeeded in conquering the area in the early 8th century. Later that year, Ramazan Beg visited Cairo and was assented by the Sultan to establish the new frontier Turkmen Emirate in Cilicia. This good fortune allowed Alexander and his army to pass unharmed through the Gates and into Cilicia. Mersin also has a high annual precipitation (1096mm) and 85 rainy days in a year. Part of Cilicia web site. Other aims were secondary, even the offensive against the Hamdanid emirate of … In 1869, Adana Eyalet was re-established as Adana Vilayet, after the re-structuring in the Ottoman Administration. Cilicia fell to Arab invasions in the seventh century and was entirely incorporated into the Rashidun Caliphate. Cilicia has a population of over six million, concentrated mostly at the Cilicia plain. Early Armenian migrations to Cilicia Cilicia under Tigranes the Great. Kizkalesi (Maiden Castle), a fort on a small island across Kızkalesi township, was built during the early 12th century by Armenian kings of the Rubeniyan dynasty, to defend the city of Korykos (today Kızkalesi). Another road ran northwards through a masonry (Armenian) gate, south of Toprak Kale, and crossed Mt. It is located on midway from Adana to Tarsus. Adana Şakirpaşa Airport serves the provinces of Mersin, Adana and Osmaniye. Ceyhan is also expected to host the shipbuilding industry. immediately responded by a similar reciprocal gesture. After the death of Ramazan Bey, his son Ibrahim Bey made an alliance with the Karaman Emirate. Mersin and Antakya are also home to regional offices of public institutions. While the region has a long coastline, international tourism is not at the level of the neighboring Antalya Province. Mersin and İskenderun seaports provide transportation of goods manufactured in Central, South and Southeast Anatolia. Their population was continuously increasing in numbers in Cilicia in contrast to other parts of the Ottoman Empire, where it was, since 1878, decreasing due to repression. [54], The region become part of the Republic of Turkey in 1921 with the signing of the Treaty of Ankara. [77], Korkut Ata University was founded in 2007 as a state university with the union of colleges and vocational schools in Osmaniye Province and began enrollment in 2009. In addition, internal conflicts within Armenian Kingdom made Türkmens turn their eyes to unstable Cilicia, and in 1352, Ramazan Beg led Turkmens settled south of Çaldağı and founded their first settlement, Camili. Emir Hasan of Addauid Emirate (733-14 March 769) was the Emir of the Addauid Emirate in Cilicia and Cappadocia in southeastern Turkey in 769, preceding Emir Abd al-Kadir of Addauid Emirate.He was killed in battle with the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Tzamandos.. [34] Cilicians were independent in their internal affairs and kept this autonomy for almost 150 years. Achaemenids could manage to defeat Lydians, thus Appuašu had to recognize the authority of the Persians in 549 BC to keep the local administration with the Cilicians. On Thursday morning, His Holiness Aram I arrived in Dubai, where he will consecrate the Armenian Church in Abu Dhabi. … [6], It was reorganized by Julius Caesar, 47 BC, and about 27 BC became part of the province Syria-Cilicia Phoenice. With the changing political environment and interests, French further reversed their policy: The repatriation was halted, and the French ultimately abandoned all pretensions to Cilicia, which they had originally hoped to attach to their mandate over Syria. Ceyhan Oil Terminal is a marine transport terminal for the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline (the "BTC"), the Kirkuk–Ceyhan Oil Pipeline, the planned Samsun-Ceyhan and the Ceyhan-Red Sea pipelines. University holds around 2500 students, most of them commuting from Adana, Tarsus and Mersin. Another record of Hittite origins, a treaty between Išputahšu and Telipinu, king of the Hittites, is recorded in both Hittite and Akkadian. The region has the second richest flora in the world and it is the producer of all agricultural products of Turkey except hazelnut and tobacco. [60] It is the largest spa in the region and attracts many Syrians due to proximity. ABU DHABI, 12th May, 2020 (WAM) -- His Holiness Aram I, the spiritual leader of the Holy See of Cilicia of the Armenian Apostolic Orthodox Church, has expressed his support for the Higher Committee of Human Fraternity’s call to fast and pray on Thursday, 14th May, in a bid to end the coronavirus pandemic. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. A brief period of Arab rule came in the 8th century, but Byzantine power was re-established 200 years later. The modern plain has added cotton fields and orange groves. Thermal springs are a hot spot for people with rheumatism. In Silifke and Erdemli, university has colleges and vocational schools. [33] In the 8th century BC, the region was unified under the rule of the dynasty of Mukšuš, whom the Greeks rendered Mopsos[8] and credited as the founder of Mopsuestia,[10] though the capital was Adana. 3400 BC; and Early Bronze Age IA: 3400–3000 BC; EBA IB: 3000–2700 BC; EBA II: 2700–2400 BC; EBA III A-B: 2400–2000 BC.[25]:168–170. Antakya is another destination for the spiritual world, where the followers of Jesus Christ were first called Christians. H.E. Ancient Cilicia Ci-li'ci-a. The English spelling Cilicia is the same as the Latin, as it was transliterated directly from the Greek form Κιλικία. From Mersin port, there are ferry services to Famagusta. Amanus by the Syrian Gate, Beilan Pass, eventually to Antioch and Syria. Çukurova University is a state university founded in 1973 with the union of the faculties of Agriculture and Medicine.. Main campus is in the city of Adana, and the College of Tourism Administration is in Karataş.